Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus complications: Metabolic events and control

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that characterized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, which associated with impaired insulin secretion peripheral sensitivity eventual b-cell dysfunction. This review summarized the major pathways leading to both microvascular macrovascular complications in DM, view of highlighting enzymes involved possible inhibition facilitating these processes as measure diabetic control.
 Methods: Data used writing this were sourced online from scientific search engines such Google Scholar, Scopus, EMBASE, PubMed, ResearchGate, Mendeley, Medline, SpringerLink, using keywords 'diabetic complications', 'hyperglycemia-induced mechanisms', enzymes' enzyme inhibitors'. A total number 109 references published between 1990 2020 generated cited review.
 Results: The most scourging dilapidating effects DM well vascular are classified into four categories viz.: nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy cardiovascular disease. Hyperglycemia, uncontrolled elicits abnormal metabolism events expressed amplified. disorders linked various facilitated activities polyol pathway, hexosamine biosynthetic autoxidation increased synthesis advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), hexokinase-2 driven glycolytic overload, cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) pyruvate kinase (PKC) enzymes. could serve mitigate arrest complications.
 Conclusion: Thus, suitable inhibitors for panaceas against complications, will add growing list new more efficacious antidiabetic drugs.